A sensor cannot know for sure that it is measuring the quantity it is supposed to be. Our Ping Sonar can use its profile data to estimate the distance to a reflective surface, but sometimes the data it’s measuring isn’t consistent enough for it to know whether there is in fact a surface to detect, or how far away it is if there is one.
I would recommend reading through
this thread to understand how an echosounder works, and the factors which influence its measurements,
this comment to better understand the distance estimation process, and
this thread to get a better understanding of the confidence value
From there, feel free to ask any follow-up questions that you may have